Updated daily at 05:00 UTC
Vision-language
o1
- Released
- 5 Dec 2024
- Status
- Deprecated
- Retired
- 23 Oct 2026
- Context
- 200K
- Max output
- 100K
- Input per 1M tokens
- $15.00
- Output per 1M tokens
- $60.00
- Open weights
- No
- License
- proprietary
- Parameters
- —
- Knowledge cutoff
- Oct 2023
- Reasoning
- Yes
- Modalities
- text, image → text
Category scores
Out of 100, from independent and third-party results only, by method category-2026-09-29.1.
| Category | Score | Rank | Coverage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Knowledge & reasoning | 21.6 | 76 | 3 of 4 |
| Coding & software engineering | 61.7 | Not ranked | 1 of 5 |
| Vision & multimodal understanding | 42.8 | 9 | 2 of 3 |
| Factuality & hallucination | 41.1 | 35 | 1 of 1 |
| Human preference | 36.8 | Not ranked | 2 of 5 |
Benchmark results
Every result we hold for this model, with who ran it and where it was published.
Knowledge & reasoning
| Benchmark | Metric | Value | Provenance | Setting | Evaluated | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chess Puzzles | Puzzles solved | 15.0% | Independent | high | 7 Aug 2026 | Epoch AI |
| Chess Puzzles | Puzzles solved | 12.0% | Independent | medium | 7 Aug 2026 | Epoch AI |
| Chess Puzzles | Puzzles solved | 7.0% | Independent | low | 15 Jul 2026 | Epoch AI |
| DTBench (Decision Theory Benchmark) | Accuracy (capability questions) | 74.7% | Third party | high | — | https://conceptualreasoning.ai/dtbench via Epoch AI |
| LMCA (Language Model Conceptual Argumentation) | Correlation with expert ratings (Pearson r) | 0.2227 | Third party | high | — | https://conceptualreasoning.ai/lmca via Epoch AI |
| SimpleBench | Score (AVG@5) | 40.1% | Third party | high | — | SimpleBench Leaderboard via Epoch AI |
| SimpleBench | Score (AVG@5) | 36.7% | Third party | medium | — | SimpleBench Leaderboard via Epoch AI |
Scientific reasoning
| Benchmark | Metric | Value | Provenance | Setting | Evaluated | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GPQA Diamond | Accuracy | 76.8% | Independent | high | 13 Feb 2025 | Epoch AI |
| GPQA Diamond | Accuracy | 75.8% | Independent | medium | 27 Jan 2025 | Epoch AI |
| GPQA Diamond | Accuracy | 74.2% | Independent | low | 20 Jul 2026 | Epoch AI |
Mathematics
| Benchmark | Metric | Value | Provenance | Setting | Evaluated | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FrontierMath Tiers 1-3 | Accuracy | 14.7% | Independent | high | 28 Aug 2026 | Epoch AI |
| FrontierMath Tiers 1-3 | Accuracy | 10.2% | Independent | medium | 27 Aug 2026 | Epoch AI |
| FrontierMath Tiers 1-3 | Accuracy | 8.4% | Independent | low | 27 Aug 2026 | Epoch AI |
| FrontierMath Tiers 1-3 (v1) | Accuracy | 9.3% | Independent | high | 7 Mar 2025 | Epoch AI |
| MATH Level 5 | Accuracy | 94.7% | Independent | high | 13 Feb 2025 | Epoch AI |
| MATH Level 5 | Accuracy | 94.4% | Independent | medium | 27 Jan 2025 | Epoch AI |
| OTIS Mock AIME 2024-2025 | Accuracy | 73.3% | Independent | medium | 27 Feb 2025 | Epoch AI |
| OTIS Mock AIME 2024-2025 | Accuracy | 73.3% | Independent | high | 15 Jul 2026 | Epoch AI |
| OTIS Mock AIME 2024-2025 | Accuracy | 53.3% | Independent | low | 15 Jul 2026 | Epoch AI |
Coding & software engineering
| Benchmark | Metric | Value | Provenance | Setting | Evaluated | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aider Polyglot | Percent correct | 61.7% | Third party | high | — | https://aider.chat/docs/leaderboards/ via Epoch AI |
| CadEval | Overall pass rate | 56.0% | Third party | medium | — | CadEval Dashboard via Epoch AI |
| METR Time Horizons | Average task success (Epoch's column) | 51.1% | Third party | medium | — | https://metr.org/blog/2025-03-19-measuring-ai-ability-to-complete-long-tasks/ via Epoch AI |
| WeirdML (v2) | Average accuracy | 46.1% | Third party | high | — | https://htihle.github.io/weirdml.html via Epoch AI |
Long context
| Benchmark | Metric | Value | Provenance | Setting | Evaluated | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fiction.LiveBench | % correct at 16K tokens (Epoch's column) | 83.3% | Third party | medium | — | Fiction.live leaderboard via Epoch AI |
Vision & multimodal understanding
| Benchmark | Metric | Value | Provenance | Setting | Evaluated | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GeoBench | Country accuracy | 80.0% | Third party | medium | — | GeoBench leaderboard via Epoch AI |
| Visual Physics Comprehension Test (VPCT) | Correct | 37.0% | Third party | medium | — | VPCT leaderboard via Epoch AI |
Factuality & hallucination
| Benchmark | Metric | Value | Provenance | Setting | Evaluated | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SimpleQA Verified | Accuracy (% correct) | 41.1% | Independent | high | 31 Aug 2026 | Epoch AI |
Writing
| Benchmark | Metric | Value | Provenance | Setting | Evaluated | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LLM Creative Story-Writing Benchmark V1 (Lech Mazur) | Mean rubric score (percent of the 10-point scale) | 70.2% | Third party | medium | — | lechmazur/writing Github repository via Epoch AI |
Human preference
| Benchmark | Metric | Value | Provenance | Setting | Evaluated | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Text Arena (arena.ai) | Arena score (Elo scale) | 1402 | Independent | — | 25 Sep 2026 | Arena |
| Text Arena (arena.ai) | Votes | 27807 | Independent | — | 25 Sep 2026 | Arena |
| Vision Arena (arena.ai) | Arena score (Elo scale) | 1193 | Independent | — | 28 Sep 2026 | Arena |
| Vision Arena (arena.ai) | Votes | 3694 | Independent | — | 28 Sep 2026 | Arena |
Other o1 versions
- o1-pro19 Mar 2025
- o1-mini12 Sep 2024
- o1-preview12 Sep 2024